The Effect of Nandralone Decanoate on Athletes Fertility Isam

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)” ,(Nandrolone Decanoate) the treatments most widely abused commonly for improving athletic ability, appearance or muscle mass, athletes, coaches, and physicians should be aware of their harmful side effects .liquorice extract consider important medical plant due to rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, phenolic and alkaloids that Supports the general health of the body. In this study we compare between two groupes of young athletes from Al-Qasam city, each group containes from six athletes, the first group they taken Nandrolone Decanonate with dose 50 mg, I.M. for three time weakly and persistence in a period at least two month, the secound group the without any treatment are useing as a countrol group. The result showing that athletes who taken Nandralone at least two month there is have low elevation in liver enzyme but there is no significant differences in GPT ,GOT, ALP, as well as decreased the levels of mean “serum FSH, LH and testosterone. 1-Introduction Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic compounds have two action androgenic and anabolic. These effects depend on chemical structure of testosterone. Some synthetic compound possess greater anabolic such as Nandrolone Decanoate , stanazole 4:1, 6:1respectively rather than natural testosterone1:1 [1].AAS used for treatment in different conditions such as delay puberty , reproductive system dysfunction, breast cancer and anemia [2]. The side effects for using AAS is estrification of testosterone at the 17-β-hydroxy location, [3]. Moreover hypogonadism, osteoporosis cachexia, HIV infection and protein deficience may occur after bad surgical interference, [4],[5]. The AAS clinicaly has been replaced by erythropoietin due to its sever side effect. As well as the athletes appear aggressiveness and confidence, [6]. Moreover some athletes suffer from abuse by taking very high dose of AAS usually range from 10 -100 times dose,[3]. Inhibition for leutenizing hormones (L.H) and follicules stimulated hormones (FSH) occured [8],[7]. Many AAS may either develop or limit the effect such as Dianabol, Oxymetolone and Oxandralone as tablets for oral medication, Nandralone and Boldenone are the most common AAS which resulted from removing C-19 methyle group from testosterone [9]. Nandralone most widely used with dose 25200mg/ml, I.M. or S/C[10],[11] . There are many research is done on AAS to see the effect with supraphysiological dose of AAS such as infraction, myocardial, sudden death, pulmonary embolism, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmia,[13],[12]. Although [14] refer that Nandralone when is given for 3 to 6 months showed significant increase in muscle force , nerve conduction and force contraction but failed to support anabolic effect (muscle cell size, muscle fiber type and satellite cell count). Nandralone consider potent procarcinogenic for hepatocellular carcinoma , fluid retention that increase over weight and prostate cancer, addition to increase incidence of viral hepatitis and AIDS infection between athletes due to shared with same needle and syringe with abscess and ulceration , alteration libido, testes atrophy , gynecomasia, [15]. Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences (JUBAS) by University of Babylon is licened under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 2018.


1-Introduction
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic compounds have two action androgenic and anabolic.These effects depend on chemical structure of testosterone.Some synthetic compound possess greater anabolic such as Nandrolone Decanoate , stanazole 4:1, 6:1respectively rather than natural testosterone1:1 [1].AAS used for treatment in different conditions such as delay puberty , reproductive system dysfunction, breast cancer and anemia [2].The side effects for using AAS is estrification of testosterone at the 17-β-hydroxy location, [3].Moreover hypogonadism, osteoporosis cachexia, HIV infection and protein deficience may occur after bad surgical interference, [4], [5].
The AAS clinicaly has been replaced by erythropoietin due to its sever side effect.As well as the athletes appear aggressiveness and confidence, [6].Moreover some athletes suffer from abuse by taking very high dose of AAS usually range from 10 -100 times dose, [3].Inhibition for leutenizing hormones (L.H) and follicules stimulated hormones (FSH) occured [8], [7].Many AAS may either develop or limit the effect such as Dianabol, Oxymetolone and Oxandralone as tablets for oral medication, Nandralone and Boldenone are the most common AAS which resulted from removing C-19 methyle group from testosterone [9].Nandralone most widely used with dose 25-200mg/ml, I.M. or S/C [10], [11] .There are many research is done on AAS to see the effect with supraphysiological dose of AAS such as infraction, myocardial, sudden death, pulmonary embolism, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmia, [13], [12].Although [14] refer that Nandralone when is given for 3 to 6 months showed significant increase in muscle force , nerve conduction and force contraction but failed to support anabolic effect (muscle cell size, muscle fiber type and satellite cell count).Nandralone consider potent procarcinogenic for hepatocellular carcinoma , fluid retention that increase over weight and prostate cancer, addition to increase incidence of viral hepatitis and AIDS infection between athletes due to shared with same needle and syringe with abscess and ulceration , alteration libido, testes atrophy , gynecomasia, [15].

2-Aims of study:
In spite of of the effort many researches utilize on the effects of AAS compounds on different body systems, these effects of supraphysiologic doses of AAS compounds remain unclear.Subsequently , the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of nandrolone decanoate on serum levels of "gonadotropins FSH and LHand testosterone" [16].

4-Sperm morphology
The sperm morphology smears to evaluate the sperm abnormalities by using Eosin/Nigrosin stain, one drop of 1.66% eosin and two drops of 10% of nigrosin was added to the suspension and were mixed by gentle agitations.Next, smears were prepared on clean slides, and allowed to dry at room temperature for 40-50 min fixatives by formalin or methanol.400-600 sperms were examined in at least 6 fields of view covering the whole slide, [18].

5-Sperm viability
Sperm viability was evaluated as follows.A (20) μl of "eosin and nigrosin suspension" were added into an equal volume of the sperm suspension.After 3-5 min of incubation at room temperature, slides were viewed by light microscope with magnification of 400.Dead sperms show to be pink and live sperms were not stained.In each sample, 400-600 Sperms were calculated and viability percentages were calculated, [19].

6-Collection of Semen from Human
Athletes were provide with disposable container, and semen were collected manually sperm viability and sperm morphology were evaluated.While the blood sample were taken from all athletic persons for detection of GPT, GOT,ALP, "FSH, LH and testosterone" [20].The result revealed that athletic young person who injected with nandralone at least two months showed a minimum elevation in liver enzyme but there is no significant differences in GPT ,GOT, ALP.So that there is no significant differences at (P > 0.05) ( table 1) .Diagram 3,4 represents the effect of nandralone on sperms, availability and abnormality.The statistical analysis showed significantly(P < 0.05) decreased percent of mean sperm and a high percent of abnormalites in the experimental group.

7-Result and Discussion
The stimulator or inhibitor hormons release from specialized cell located in the hypothalamic nuclei to stimulate anterior pituitary gland (AP).Gonadotrophin release hormones.(Gn-RH) is one of hypothalamic regulatory hormone released in pulsatile manner to affect ( A.P) to secrete FSH and L.H, FSH hormones stimulate sartoli cell to release inhibin hormone that acts as a synergism in process of spermatogenesis.FSH also produces androgen binding protein which help to maintains enough level testosterones in testes.Leydig cell stimulate by L.H to secrete testosterone which is very important to regulate spermatogenesis in semniferous tubules [21], [22].The negative feed back for testosteron act to block L.H secretion, this process will occur after administrating synthetic hormones so that sensitivity to high level to testosterone synthetic lead to defect in synthesis process of spermatogenesis to produce deformity and dead cell of sperm, [19], [5], [23]."Indicate that injection with intramuscular of supra physiological doses of Nandrolone Decanoate to male albino mice with a dosage of 2.5 mg/ week for 90 showed gradual decline from 14.2 ± 0.51 mIU/ml on 20th day to 8.7 ± 0.29 mIU/ml on 90th day of treatment".Also recorded the gradual decrease was also recorded in the serum LH 17.8 ± 0.73mIU/ml on 30th day to 10.4 ± 0.57 mIU/ml on 90th day, while the sharp decrease in testosterone hormone showed at beginning of 20th day to record 1.92 ±0.07 ng/ml on to 1.09 ± 0.08 ng/ml on 90 th rather than that of control group 2.09±0.08ng/ml.Our study concord with, [24] also showed marked reduction testosterone concentration in male rats injected with Testosterone at a dose of 400mg / kg from normal range 0.81 + 0.014 to 0.30+ 0.0067 (ng / ml) , 0.26+ 0.009 (ng / ml).The study also was agreed with much research work which reveal increase in teratozoospermia accompanied with high percent of dead sperms in mice injected with 15mg/kg three times a week.These investigations also in agreement with [19] reported that the daily administration of rats with dianabol at dose 40mg/kg daily increase of teratozoospermia and increased dead sperms with high percent of teratozoospermia.administration of nandralone in low dose 3mg/kg and high dose 10mg/kg for 14 weeks showed significant precentag of oligospermia (31.4 ± 5.9x106/ml) and high (44.7±5.9x106/ml) and(116.01.1 x106/ml) , percentage of progressively motility (39.2 4.1% and 19.4 ± 3.1%, respectively).Moreover there is significantly defected DNA of rat treated with Nandrolone Decanoate.about (72.3% and 53.3%), respectively and (19.7%) for health rats .[1], demonstrate that's male rats injected Nandrolone Decanoate (10 mg⁄ kg ⁄ weekly) for 8 weeks reveal increases in germ cell apoptosis and destroyed testicular tissue under using TUNEL and transmission electron microscopy, [25], [17].