The Scholarly Activity in Baalbek and Younine between the Fall of the Ayyubid Empire and the Early Rise of the Mamluk Sultanate

Abstract

The collapse of the Ayyubid Empire and the establishment of the Mamluk Sultanate, in conjunction with the Mongolian pressure on the Arab-Islamic countries, was marked by upheavals, riot, and overwhelming political and military chaos in the region. At that time, Baalbek and Younine were a safe haven for the displaced, migrants and the tortured. The social and cultural elements have intertwined, and there has been a massive Scholarly movement that flourished and developed far away from those bad conditions prevailing in the region. Several other issues were discussed in this paper.