Abraham in the Meccan Era in Light of Textual Analysis and Historical Sources: A Comparative Critical Study of Orientalist Misconceptions and Their Refutation: "Bathsheba Karsiel" as a Model

Abstract

This research provides a methodological rebuttal to Israeli scholar Bathsheba Karsiel's thesis claiming Prophet Abraham's absence from the Meccan Quran and alleging the Abrahamic-Islamic link was a later political development.

Using a textual, statistical, and comparative historical analysis, it exposes Karsiel's methodological double standards: rejecting Islamic sources while accepting problematic late Jewish sources (Miqra/Midrash).

The refutation employs four decisive proofs: 1) Statistical density of Abraham's mention in Meccan surahs 2) The Meccan surah "Ibrahim" 3) Historical evidence of pre-Islamic Abrahamic consciousness in Mecca and 4) The Quranic narrative's independence from Jewish traditions.

The study confirms the authentic Abrahamic presence in Meccan revelation as textual-historical fact and establishes "Abraham's upright creed" as foundational theology in addition to revealing Karsiel's thesis as structurally biased and academically invalid.